In Iran, however, the government regards independent civil intermediary organizations and institutions as a fundamental danger to the Islamic order. The responsibility for this change lies with political elites. Only in this way can a country achieve economic growth and freedom. Iranian political scientist Mahmood Sariolghalam has written that societal progress requires socio-cultural capital: interaction, trust, cooperation, and mutual respect. In developed countries, barring issues related to war and international diplomacy, many matters are dealt with by non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The lack of a civil society has handicapped Iran. Instead, according to Azadarmaki, Iran has a “ quasi-middle class’’ of military generals and clerics susceptible to corruption and inefficiency. He believes that the Islamic Republic has been hostile to the middle class, which could be a culture maker and problem solver by creating civil society. Taghi Azadarmaki, an Iranian sociologist, asserts that the Islamic Republic has become an organization suffering from many problems that cannot be solved without rational pluralist discourse. Forty-three years later, however, many of these goals have not been reached. It was based on the ideals of gaining independence from foreign superpowers and achieving freedom, democracy, and justice, as well as fighting internal tyranny and supporting oppressed peoples. The 1979 Islamic Revolution was no exception. Revolutions tend to have lofty ideals, but the reality of governance often falls short of those aspirations. OctoThe institutional roots of Iran’s protests
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